Herpeutic relationships in nursing Free Essays

For Carl Rogers, discussing therapeutic relationships suggests that the relationship between the one being helped and the helper is a mutual one. Buber (1966) opposed and disagreed with Rogers and suggested that, because it is always the patient that comes to the professional for help and not the other way around, the relationship can never be a mutual one. Mutualism is defined as ‘the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other’, (dictionary. We will write a custom essay sample on Herpeutic relationships in nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now eference. com (2008). Campbell (1984) said the role of a nurse in a therapeutic relationship is; somebody who shares freely with others, but does not interfere and allow others to make and define their own journey. Patterson (1985) believes that the relationship itself is central and quoted that ‘counselling or psychotherapy is an interpersonal relationship. Note that I don’t say that counselling or psychotherapy involves an interpersonal relationship-it is an interpersonal relationship’. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) influence a therapeutic relationship throughout The Code (2008), it quotes ‘you must listen to the people in your care and respond to their concerns and preferences and you must make arrangements to meet people’s language and communication needs’. It encourages nurses to develop their relationship with the patient through the use of communication skills and through educating the patient about their illness. A therapeutic relationship is based on the communication between the nurse and the client themselves. You can read also Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care Plan Communication involves almost every aspect of our interactions with others; and it plays an important part in any relationship. The holistic approach helps us, as nurses to encourage/support and authorize the patient with the accurate knowledge and understanding in order to help them to recover from their illness. If the nurse has the aptitude to communicate skilfully with the patient, throughout developing a therapeutic relationship, the patient will be more eager and willing to communicate and be more open with the nurse. Within a therapeutic relationship, trust is essential (holisticlocal. co. uk), and helps the nurse to increase their chance in healing the patient to overcome their illness and gain their respect. Patients expect the nurse to have the essential knowledge and to be able to display caring attitudes, so that they are able to trust the nurse and assign their care to the Professional. Breaching trust can make it very hard to re-establish it and therefore if a promise is made it should be adhered to. Mitchell and Cormack(1998) agree with this as they believed ‘patients themselves value therapeutic relationships which offer respect, trust, and care and it seems that such relationships may in themselves prove to be healing in the broadest sense’ (Mitchell Cormack (1998). In relationships constantly agreeing/ disagreeing with the other person on every occasion is not necessary as this could lead to aggravation, annoyance, and eventual dissatisfaction. Particular skills are needed to be adequately assertive without damaging the relationship. There are a variety of key skills which incorporate inside this relationship. Listening attentively and fully taking in to consideration what the patient is saying is perhaps the single most important skill that must be accomplished by the nurse. Listening to the patient without instantly giving suggestions and advice or diminishing the client’s opinion, is central to the establishment of developing a relationship. Listening refers to more than hearing what the patient says and Rogers (1980) believed that ‘In some sense attending and listening means that you lay aside yourself; this can only be done by persons who are secure enough in themselves that they know they will not get lost in what may turn out to be the strange and bizarre world of the other, and that they can comfortably return to their own world when they wish’, he is referring to ‘getting lost in the world of the other’. Burnard (1997) describes the art of ‘attending’ as the act of truly focusing on the other person, consciously making ourselves aware of what they are saying and what they are trying to communicate. Vital to the establishment and construction of a therapeutic relationship is the nurses own capability to use an extensive range of communication skills, strategies and interpersonal skills. Effective and successful communication is a necessary aspect in producing and preserving a successful relationship. Regardless of the surroundings and the duration of interaction, the nurse acts in therapeutic ways to supervise the limitations of the relationship. This could involve tasks such as, the nurse introducing themselves to the client and addressing the patient by their preferred name/title, or showing a genuine interest in, and compassion for the client. In a therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient the power tends to be unequal, although nurses may not observe themselves as having power and authority in the relationship. The nurse should always try and remember that the patient is in a vulnerable position and due to the nurse’s amount of health care knowledge and her position in the health care system the patient may feel more vulnerable than they already are. The misuse of power /authority can be known as abuse and using it appropriately enables the nurse to maintain paramount professionalism as well as dealing with the patients requirements. Empathy is also part of the structure of a nurse and patient relationship. Burnard (1995) defines empathy as ‘the ability to perceive accurately the feelings of another person and to communicate this understanding to him’. The nurse should be able to view the patient’s illness and circumstances from their position and not look down upon them from an exalted position and the patient should not be made to feel vulnerable. Millenson concludes by stating ‘accurate empathy is always empowering, since it represents an understanding and acceptance of the speakers feelings’ (Millenson, 1995). Respecting the client and their dignity at all times is fundamental to the relationship between the nurse and the client. The nurse should appreciate and understand the patient’s religion, culture and the other aspects related to the patient themselves and the patient’s background, and whilst providing care these factors should be taken in to account. Respect is not an attitude; it is an element that nurses should ‘master’ and when showing respect nurses should make a difference in the way a patient is seen. Mayeroff (1971) believes that it is ‘more than good intentions and warm regards’. There are certain skills that users can use in attending to clients, in order to generate a therapeutic environment. They can be summarised in the acronym S-O-L-E-R. Sit facing the patient squarely; adopting a posture that indicates involvement is important. Open posture, crossed arms and legs illustrate lessened participation/availability; an open posture shows that you are open to the client and to what they have to say. Lean slightly towards the other person to enhance communication. Establish eye contact with the patient, keeping it fairly steady but not staring. Relax, and don’t be nervous, adopt a comfortable posture and this will also helps put the client at ease. People might use these guidelines differently in relation to culture and individuality, so they should not be taken as absolute rules. Therapeutic relationships are also encouraged, supported and developed by members of the multi-disciplinary team, for example; doctors. Doctors support patients by educating them about their illness and also by developing a therapeutic relationship with the patient. They have to consider professional intimacy and also the method in which they communicate with the patient, since giving bad news is very different to giving good news and they also have to think about their facial expressions and body language and show empathy. This also relates to other members of the Multi Disciplinary team (MDT), such as physiotherapists, psychologists, dieticians etc. During practice, I have had to think about my communication skills, key elements and professional intimacy, on an occasion, were I communicated with the relatives of a terminally ill patient. The wife of this patient was crying, and therefore in order to comfort her, I talked to her, held her, hand and gave her a hug. The communication skills I used were Empathy, which Mayeroff (1971) believes is an essential part of caring. I also used verbal communication and non verbal communication, which is described as ‘an awareness of your body and mind as a source of communication’ Egan(1990) and also showing respect, Rogers (1961, 1967) ‘You are there to help clients, not to judge them’, following Standal (1954), who calls this kind of respect ‘unconditional positive regard’ Egan(1990). How to cite Herpeutic relationships in nursing, Papers

God Concept Essay Example For Students

God Concept Essay The concept of God, or any god, is one that has definite boundaries. There aremany questions that arise concerning the nature of God, or even whether or notthere really is one. The most common god in todays society is God,the Supreme Being worshipped by Muslims as Allah, byJews as Yahweh, and by popular Christianity simply asGod. Generally, He is thought to be in the image of humans, and inmost cases of worshipping this particular deity, He is omnipotent, omniscient,and omnipresent. These beliefs, although they may be canon, are not the beliefsof every person that follows this god. There are many different ways to see andworship Him whom we will refer to simply as God. There are variedpoints of view on God expressed in Gloria Naylors Mama Day, the book of Exodusin the Hebrew Bible, and St. Augustines Confessions. Through these works, onemay see several viewpoints on the same deity, prompting the question, Whois God? There is no definite answer to this query. Instead, as we willsee, t here are many definitions and assumptions that describe God, giving us acomplicated and sometimes contradicting view of God. In Mama Day, a noveldetailing the lives of a closely-knit family on the island of Willow Springs, wecan see God through the eyes of Mama Day, one of the main characters. Mama Day,whose real name is Miranda, views God as a passive deity. She does not feel thatGod intervenes with humans as punishment or rewards humans for things that theydo. This conviction is clear in the story when a hurricane is coming andMirandas sister, Abigail, feels that she has done something to make God send ahurricane. To this Miranda responds, Abigail, stop your foolishness. All God gotin mind is to send you a hurricane? It aint got nothing to do with us, we justbystanders on this earth. Sometimes I think we was only a second thought-and apoor second thought at that (228). Even though Miranda and Abigail are sistersand were probably raised similarly, they view God in two very differen t ways. While Mirandas philosophy on Gods lack of intervention holds strong, she doesbelieve God to be all-powerful. This is evident when she states, The pastwas gone, just as gone as it could be. And only God could change thefuture (138). Although Miranda does not think that what people are doingon Earth will affect what God does, she does believe that in the end God willhold each person accountable for what he or she has done. This can be seen onthe Island of Willow Springs where Mirandas thoughts are, Thatll be herdefense at Judgement: Lord, I called out three times. Miranda thinks thisafter she knocks on Rubys house three times before setting her house up to getstruck by lightning. This is a prime example of her theology. By preparing thehouse for lightning, she is controlling where the lightning goes, a feat thatsome people, such as her sister, would attribute to God. Had Augustine, theauthor of Confessions, been there he would have likely believed that God causedthe lightening. Augusti ne, in contrast to Miranda, believed that God had apurpose in mind for everything that happens on Earth. This is apparent whenAugustine proclaims, It was, then by your guidance that I was persuaded togo to Rome and teach there the subjects which I taught at Carthage (BookV, Chapter 8). Augustine goes on to state his belief that God has sent him toRome to convert him to Christianity. This is indicative of Augustines beliefthat everything that happens on Earth is Gods will. This is directlycontradictory to Mirandas view that is that God does not intervene with peoplewhile they are still on Earth. Augustine also depicts God as being merciful. .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 , .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .postImageUrl , .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 , .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0:hover , .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0:visited , .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0:active { border:0!important; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0:active , .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0 .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub996e45701144676921fe33421f459a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homophobia And Hate Crimes As A Result EssayThis is clear when he refers to God as God of mercy (Book V, Chapter9) and again when he proclaims, God, let me acknowledge your mercy fromthe deepest depths of my soul (Book VII, Chapter 6). Augustine sees God ashaving a purpose for everyone on Earth and as being merciful to all. He evenstates, And yet Lord, even if you had willed that I should not survive mychildhood, I should have owed you gratitude, because you are our God, thesupreme Good, the Creator and Ruler of the universe (I 20). Augustine views Godas the supreme Good, the god that is merciful to all and helpshumanity while they are still on Earth. The picture we get of God from theHebrew Bible is much different from Augustines depiction of God. While Exodusstill portrays God as intervening in the Hebrews lives there are questions thatmay be asked about Gods mercy. In Exodus 7-12:42, God sends a set of plagues tothe land of Egypt where the Hebrews, His people, are being held as slaves. Augustine would agree that this is one of His generous acts, as He is usingthese plagues to free His people. Augustine, however, may not acknowledge thesuffering of the Egyptians. The plagues were directed towards these Egyptiansand their pharaoh in an attempt to free the Hebrews. The tenth and most wellknown of these plagues was the killing of the firstborn of Egypt-the plague thathas given us the holiday of the Passover. Gods omnipotence is definitely shownwhen the firstborn children of Egypt fall, but those of the faithful Israelitesdo not. Exodus 12:27 reads, It is the passover sacrifice to the Lord, forhe passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt, when he struck down theEgyptians but spared or houses. It is true that the Israelites have beenglorified by this action of God, but what of the Egyptians? In this, a factor ofGods personality has been shown that does not quite match that of Augustine. God is vengeful and jealous. He resorts to killing the firstborn of Egypt, someof them innocent and just, simply to help free His people. One may ask thequestion, was it necessary? If God can move mountains and have the compassionand mercy that St. Augustine has given Him, was there not a better way ofgetting the Israelites out of Egypt? Terence E. Fretheim, author of ExodusInterpretation points out that, even with the joy associated with newfoundfreedom, Israel, like its God, voices no pleasure in the deaths of thesepersons (Fretheim 140). This is true according to Exodus 12:29-36. neitherthe Israelites nor their God rejoice at the deaths of the Egyptians. It is alsopointed out that, it is appropriate to speak of judgment, and Pharaohsgenocidal decision to kill all Hebrew baby boys (Fretheim 140). Whenviewing the Passover with this perspective, it is hard to see God as anythingbut just to some extent when, in fact, God is taking an eye for aneye. In reading the previous selections f rom Fretheim one can see that theauthors view of God is that He is just and does only what is called for in theway of punishment. Umberto Caussuto, author of A Commentary on the Book ofExodus, does not try to explain why God killed the firstborn of every Egyptianhousehold. In refraining from such an analysis, one may infer that Caussutobelieves that God is great enough not to be questioned on the matter of what hedoes. Caussuto seems more concerned with the idea of Pharaoh being completelyhumble. and Pharaoh rose up in the night-the proud king is forced to risefrom his bed at night (an unroyal procedure) (Caussuto 145). Caussuto goeson to say that the pharaoh spoke tersely and jerkily, in words [in theHebrew} of one or two syllables only (145). Caussuto therefore views Godas being so sophisticated in his thoughts and actions that He is unquestionable. .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 , .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .postImageUrl , .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 , .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6:hover , .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6:visited , .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6:active { border:0!important; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6:active , .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6 .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d7a707e33c35d0cd848b810cb1a03a6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legality Of Same Sex Marriages! EssayIn these two interpretations of Exodus, and my own in the previous paragraph, ithas been shown that as few as three people reading the same piece of literatureinterpret the literature very differently, especially when the literature dealswith theology. If all of these opinions of Gods actions and purposes aredifferent, then it is no wonder that God himself is viewed differently by manypeople. I view God as being incomprehensible to anyone, no matter what his orher IQ or knowledge of anything is. I believe God is omnipotent and omniscient. While I cannot imagine God doing anything wrong, I often find myself questioningGod. I agree more with Miranda than I do with Augustine in that people get whatthey deserve on Judgement Day-not on Earth. If I believed as Augustine does Iwould have to come up with the reason God has for allowing pedophile. I believethat while God could stop anything that happens on Earth he chooses not tobecause He wants to see what will happen naturally. Augustine Confessions. BibliographyR.S. Pine-Coffin, New York: Penguin Classics, 1967. Cassuto, U., A Commentaryon the Book of Exodus. Translated by Israel Abrahams, Jerusalem: The MagnesPress, 1967. Fretheim, Terence, Interpretation Exodus. Lousiville: John KnoxPress, 1992. Naylor, Gloria. Mama Day. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1993.

1940s Essay Example

1940s Essay The Decade of the 1940s Nickenha Ashley History of Psychology Dr. Specht November 20th, 2013 The 1940s was a great period of well-known events in history. One of the most important events of the decade was World War II, which basically ruled the 1940s. World War II started on September 1, 1939 beginning with the German invasion of Poland; and Britain and France declaring war on German two days later. It was the most costly and destructive war in history and its effects, for good and ill, were felt far beyond the battlefields. After the war was over the United States entered a period of reat prosperity, an increase in the birthrate produced more consumers who fueled the economy and made the United States the most powerful nation (Hills, 1958, p. 56). It is safe to say that the 1940s was one of the many decades that influenced and shaped the future of the American society, with the many challenges and hardship that the United States faced within this decade. The events that took place in the 1940s changed the American society forever. It was a time of hardship and every aspect of life were affected by World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on 1940s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on 1940s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on 1940s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The rights of different groups of people ere also an issue during the 1940s, the inventions of different technology like computers, nuclear weapons, and rockets affected the whole world and television began to change Americans lives. The 1940s were defined by World War II. The war began on December 7, 1941 after the Japanese attached the United States Naval Base in Hawaii. President Roosevelt came on the radio the next morning and announced that the United Sates was going to war. Roosevelt explained that the war was inevitable and that in order to win this war, the United States needed support from all Americans, and the next day Congress declared war on Japan (Sullivan, 1991). The United States and the Allies were not successful in the beginning of the war, and President Roosevelt encouraged Americans on the home front, and General Eisenhower commanded troops in Europe. After a disastrous beginning, the United States began to take the offensive and gradually began to turn the tide against Axis armies in Africa, Europe and on while Japan was not an easy defeat, and a secret atomic bomb had to be used against the Japanese mainland. In August of 1945 Japan surrendered and World War II ended. The cost and sacrifices of the war were shocking. This 1,364 day war cost the United States and estimated $341 billion and 407, 318 American soldiers (Uschan, 1999, p. 12-17). This was a huge price to pay for victory, and could not have been done without the actions by the civilians on the home front during World War II. World War II was not only fought by the troops overseas, but also by our American women and children. When the war was declared, a lot of American men enlisted or were drafted into the armed forces, causing a labor shortage in factories and other blue collar Jobs. Because of this the United States had to turn to its female population to replenish the labor supply. Women began to work in factories, making bullets and riveting planes, tanks, and other war supplies. By 1943, half the workers on American assembly lines and factories were women. This was the first time in American history that women held Jobs that had been regarded as for men only. Children were also able to participate in helping with the war, they collected scrap metal, old tires, and even toothpaste tubes that were recycled and used to make more war supplies. Children also grew victory gardens, which supplied one third of the fresh vegetables consumed in the United States (Duden, 1989, p. 1-21). As a result of these social trends during World War II, women gained a new independence and were able to enter the workforce in much larger numbers and in a different capacity. Racial discrimination was still a norm in the United States during the start of the 1940s. By the end of the decade, those attitudes were beginning to change because of the events of the past 10 years. In the early 1900s, African Americans began a great migration from the rural south to the northern cities. This migration began during the WWII era because the war caused labor shortages, and African Americans ad a chance of getting Jobs in northern factories. The migration benefited both the African American population and economy. African Americans and whites served together in the military and business world, but the United States was still a segregated society. After World War II ended, African Americans were eager to be accepted, and one of the first breakthroughs came by way of Americas pastime, baseball. Only white players were allowed on the major league teams. African Americans had to play in their own segregated league. A number of famous African American baseball stars were eager to make a break for the big eagues. In 1947 the Brooklyn Dodgers drafted a young infielder named Jackie Robinson, the first Negro to achieve major-league baseball status in modern times (Effrat, 1947). Although it was unknown to him at the time, but he would end up being a symbol of hope that a multi- racial society could exist. Throughout the season Robinson received death threats and racial insults but racism could not stop him. Robinson stayed with the team and even went on to win the World Series and was even named rookie of the year. Technology started to rocket in the early 1940s, but it was the early stages of films nd television. Walt Disney was one of the biggest cartoon film makes then. This was the start of Walt Disneys famous career. Walt Disney released Pinocchio, Dumbo, The computer was also one of the most significant technological advances made in the 1940s. In 1946 the first all-electronic digital computer named ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed. This computer was able to do as much work in one hour as most people could do in one week (Duden, 1989, p. 30). Even though the television was invented in the late 1930s, it did not gain much popularity at the start of the decade. When World War II began, production of television and other electronics was stopped in order to devote factory capacity to the war effort. After the war ended, the ban on the production of electronics was lifted and televisions began rolling off the assembly lines again. The increasing amount of disposable income of consumers after the war had television flying off the shelves of stores around the country. The Olympic Games in 1948 were shown on television and attracted the largest broadcast audience in history (Peterson, J. R. ). Colored television achieved realism when CBS demonstrated the first color television in New York City, nd WNBT, making New York City the countrys first regular television station, broadcasting to about 10,000 viewers (http://www. nytimes. com). The television created a social impact on the United States in many ways, people were buying televisions in record numbers and television was becoming a common part of life (Duden, 1989, p. 43). The television movement impacted life in the United States in many ways and provided Americans with easier access to information and entertainment with pictures and words. The atomic bomb, one of the most powerful and deadly technological advances in history, was developed in the 1940s. In 1941, nuclear physicists discovered that two uranium derivatives, U-235 and plutonium, could be used to create rapid fission. In December of 1942 a physicist named Enrico Fermi created the first nuclear reaction. The first time the bomb was used was August of 1945 when the bombing of Japan occurred (Fyson, 1999, p. 6). This Marilyn Monroe advertisement was very effective in the 1940s. This was used to endorse the production in sales for Lustre Company. Though this shampoo may work well as any other shampoos, this advertisement was meant to reach out to the fans of Marilyn Monroe. When this ad was put out we can assume that many of Marilyn Monroes fans bought this product causing this company to mak e a lot of money, which made this advertisement very effective. This poster is of Uncle Sam in the 1940s looks very convincing. This poster was recruiting anyone WWII, it was very demanding and inspired young people to Join the armys frontlines and serve for their country. This advertisement was very effective as it made people think that it was their Job to protect the country and run the front lines. up no matter what. Being the first black man to play baseball he was faced with a lot of obstacles, hate messages and death threats being sent to him, but this did not top him. This advertisement served as a motivator for others, and gives others hope that though they may be of different color they can still do things the same as any other race. This advertisement is of one of the first Walt Disney movies created. This advertisement was effective because it showed the first movie created by Disney and was convincing to others to go and watch it. The economy of the 1940s can be easily divided into two periods: the economy during the war and the economy after the war. After World War II the U. S. economy was drastically altered, the involvement of America in the war boosted the economy uring the war years and set the foundation for the US to become an economic superpower (Vatter, H. G. 1985). One of the most applauding economic achievements by the U. S. during WWII was the elimination of unemployment. During this period, employment went up from 47. 52 million to 53. 96 million, over a 13% increase. Unemployment rates had fallen from 4. 7% in 1942 and declined to 1. 2% in 1944 (Williams, R. M. 1994). This was more a significance because of the diminished labor force caused by the 11 million men and women entering the armed forces during this period. The labor force was one of the main reasons U. S. ndustry was able to meet the great demand in productivity created by the war. Because of the shortages of goods such as, meat, shoes, gasoline, and sugar President Roosevelt and his administration created what was called the Office of Price Administration. This was ordered to hold the line against rising prices and this was successful from April of 1943 to February of 1946, and they were able to hold the annual rate of inflation to only 1. 6% (Williams, R. M. 1994). The U. S. involvement in the war raised the economy to new heights. Over 17 million Jobs were created, industrial production went up, and corporate profits doubled. After the war ended, Americans learned the extent of the Holocaust. Realization of the power of prejudice helped lead to Civil Rights reforms over the next 3 decades. The GI Bill of Rights was passed entitling returning soldiers to a college education. In 1949, there were 3 times as many colleges degrees issued as in 1940, college became available to those who were capable rather the privileged. Being as education was becoming so accessible, in Germany Hitler was eliminating artists whose ideas didnt agree with his. Because of this many of the artists migrated to the US, where they had a huge effect on American artists. One of the art styles hat were popular was abstract expressionism, which showed raw emotions. The art style of abstract expressionism was the first specifically American artistic movement that influenced the world and put New York City at the center of the world (http:// www. learningzoneclass. com/aoatl 1 /beltran/art. html). One of the most famous artists of the 1940s was Paul Jackson Pollock, and one of his most famous art works is Number 5. Like art, music reflected American enthusiasm, and American composers remained more traditional and at the beginning of the decade bands dominated popular music. Radio became the lifeline for Americans in the 1940s. Providing news, music and entertainment, much like television today. Shows included soap operas, government relied heavily on radio for propaganda, and the radio faded and TV became more prominent and accessible, and most popular shows on the radio started to show on TV. TV also had an effect on the food people ate, frozen dinners were invented and they became known as TV dinners. The Jitterbug dance was also developed in the 1940s, and it was the first dance that allowed individual expressionism. Rosie the Riverter was the symbol of the working woman as the men off to war and women were needed to work in factories. Tupperware and aluminum foil became popular in the 1940s as well as a way to ease the postwar housewives burdens, and the slinky was developed in 1945 as a way to keep kids occupied. Fashion was the fad with the most influence and changed the way women would look at clothes. The convertible suit, which is still popular today, was designed for the working woman and carried on until the war ended. Once the war was over, Christian Dior introduced the New look. This look included feminine dresses with long, full skirts, tight waists and comfortable low heeled shoes, which soon swept the country as the new trend (Peacock, 1998). Make up was also socially acceptable and hair was curled very tightly and was shoulder length. With men home from war and back to work, women had more time to focus on themselves, which was exactly what the new look was trying to accomplish. In 1948, Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by Hindu fanatic, and Burma and Ceylon was granted independence by Britain. Although World War II dominated the decade of the 1940s another major international event that taking was taking place was the Holocaust, and Jews being put into concentration camps. The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, were the perpetrators of the Holocaust. The Nazis targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovahs witnesses, Communists, twins, and the disabled. Some of these people tried to hide from the Nazis like Anne Frank and her family, some were successful and some were not. Those that were captured suffered sterilization, forced resettlement, separation from family and friends, beatings, tortures, starvation, and/or death (http://www. istoryl 900s. about. com/od/holocaust/tp/ holocaust. htm). The discovery of penicillin in the 1940s revolutionized medicine. Developed first to help the military personnel survive war wounds, it also helped increase survival rates or surgery. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from a pile of petri dishes in his sink that were growing bact eria. After taking samples of mold he found that it was from the penicillium family, and named it penicillin and found that it was nontoxic and sufficient in treating many types of bacteria harmful to man. Unfortunately, the interest in penicillin did not peak again until World War II, and it was Howard Florey and Ernst Chain who continued the research and found a way to purify, and presented this powerful antibiotic to the world (http:// www. essortment. com/alexander-flemming-discovery-penicillin-40564. tml). In 1943 Fleming was presented the Award of Distinction for his discovery of the miracle drug and of similar award to Dr. Howard W. Florey of Oxford University, in recognition of his pioneer contributions to our knowledge of the value of penicillin as a In 1945 The Journal of Clinical Psychology was founded. In 1999 a study was done to examine the mental and medical health care utilization of World War II survivors and the characteristics of survivors seeking professional health care. Forty seven years after WWII ended, a random sample of 4,057 Dutch WWII survivors answered a our-page questionnaire, and out of that 1,461 of those persons subsequently answered an extensive follow-up questionnaire (Bramsen, Henk, 1999). Twenty two percent had sought some form of health care for war-related complaints at some time since WWII, and most consultations were made in the 1940s. It was found that most consultations were made to general practitioners or to a medical specialist as opposed to mental health specialists. Results showed that 59% of the highly-exposed respondents with posttraumatic stress disorders had not sought professional help in he years of 1990-1992 (Bramsen, Henk, 1999). In a study done by Audrey Rieger to test differences in personality using the Rorschach test that was invented in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach to determine personality characteristics and evaluate emotional health. This study was designed to study personality patterns of certain specific occupational groups as reflected in the individual Rorschach test to determine if differences between such groups do occur and if the differences are meaningful in practical situations (Rieger, 1949). Results showed that personality differences between the occupational groups had some ignificant results, but the Rorschach scores failed to differentiate the groups in practice. Most of the differences appeared to be related to variations in response total. The only important result is the distinction found between those who deal with verbal concepts (mostly administrators and personnel workers) and those who dealt with their hands (supervisors and foremen) (Rieger, 1949). In 1949 David Wechsler published the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. This was used as tools in school placement, determining the presence of a learning disability, or developmental delay. It was also used to identify giftedness among children, and track their intellectual development. In 1946 Lindner, and Gurvitz did a research on the restandardization of the revised beta examination to yield the Wechsler type of Q. The revised Beta examination has been restandardized to accomplish three purposes: the administration and scoring procedures have been improved, the sample of adults upon which new norms were based on were selected to represent the 1940 Census with respect to education and socio-economic status within several groups from twenty years and above (Lindner, Gurvitz, 1946). The standardization lso permitted the securing of Beta IQs which were similar to the IQs on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. The 1940s was an important decade to study because of the history that took place, which can give us a better understanding of the American and heritage and to appreciate the power and freedom that was enjoyed by this country in the 21st century. This decade produced many different changes in the political, social, and technological aspects of life. World War II was a major factor that influenced all of these aspects throughout the decade. Bramsen, 1. , Van der Ploeg, H. M. (1999). Use of Medical and Mental Health Care by World War II Survivors in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(2), 243-261. Rieger, A. F. (1949). The Rorschach test and Occupational Personalities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 33(6), 572-578. 1943, December 14. Discoverer tells penicillin story: Dr. Alexander Fleming speaks from London in broadcast to accept award here. The New York Times, p. 13. 1949, December 23. Radio, Video: CBS color system tests to start Jan 2. Here and in capital. The New York Times, p. 36. Hills, K. (1958, June 10). World War. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www. academicsearchpremier. com DudenJ. (1989). Timelines: 1940s. 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Crestwood House. Peacock, J. (1998). Fashion sourcebooks: The 1940s. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson. Sullivan, G. (1991). The day Pearl Harbor was bombed. New York, NY: Scholastic. Fyson, N. (1999). World War Two. In D. Marks (Ed. ), World book of Encyclopedia. Uschan, M. (1999). A cultural history of the United States: 1940s. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books. Peterson, J. R. (2010). World War Two. Retrieved from http://cnn. com. Rosenberg, J. (2013). The Holocaust. Retrieved from http://history1900s. about. com/od/holocaust/ tp/holocaust. htm Alexander Fleming and the discovery of Penicillin. Retrieved from ttp://www. essortment. om/alexander-fleming-discovery-penicillin-40564. html. Vatter, H. G. (1985). The U. S. economy in World War II. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Williams, R. M. (1994). The politics of boom and bust in the twentieth century America. St. Paul: West Publishing. The generation to remember: Art of the 1940s. Retrieved from http:// learningzoneclass. com/aoatll/beltran/art. html. The Walt Disne y studios history. Retrieved from http://www. studioservices. go. com/ disneystudios/history. html. Effrat, L. (1947, April 11). Royals star signs with Brooks today. The New York Times, p. 20.

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